Facts about Jose Rizal Essay

Jose P. Rizal, a man of exceptional talent and intelligence, is the National Hero of the Philippines. That’s a fact (and might be the only fact) that every Filipino knows about Jose Rizal. One might ask, â€Å"How about his name?† Well, that might be uneasy because his full name is Josà © Protacio Rizal Mercado y Alonso Realonda. Let’s be honest that if we will be asked by some people about some things related to Rizal without the help of any references, we can only say less. If that’s make you curious, then here are several interesting facts about Dr. Jose P. Rizal. Most Filipinos don’t know about these trivia about Jose Rizal – verify it yourself if you’re a Filipino. At age two, Jose Rizal could already write and read. He wrote his first poem at the age of 8 entitled ‘Sa Aking Mga Kababata’ (To My Fellow Youth). Just like other Filipinos who are eagerly trying their luck to win the lottery, Rizal also joined such type of gambling where he won one-third of the grand prize (Php 18,000.00) with ticket number 9736. He gave a portion to his father, a friend in Hong Kong and he spent the rest buying agricultural lands in Talisay. He mastered 22 languages: Hebrew, Filipino, Ilokano, Bisayan, Subanon, Chinese, Latin, Spanish, Greek, English, French, German, Arabic, Malay, Sanskrit, Dutch, Japanese, Catalan, Italian, Portugese, Swedish and Russian. Rizal was too small for his age and made him a target of Pedro’s bullying, insulting Pepe in front of the other students at the school of Maestro Justiniano Cruz. Equipped with his Uncle Miguel’s teachings about the art of wrestling, Rizal challenged Pedro to a fistfight. Rizal won and became popular as he proved himself a worthy opponent. Rizal could show too much sarcasm because of his love for his country. Why  and how? Back in Dapitan when he received three visitors in his house in Talisay, he offered the woman named Donya Manuela with Bagoong. The lady ignored the bagoong saying that they do not eat bagoong in their country because it contains worms. With that, Rizal responded saying that he had been in her country and people there eat little birds without taking out intestines. During his exile in Dapitan, he was able to establish a school where he had 21 pupils who were never asked to pay for tuition but was required by Rizal to work for the community. During the class discussion, when his students couldn’t answer his questions correctly, he would jokingly pinch his students. Rizal is one of the few recognized ‘Renaissance man’ in the world. A Renaissance man is a well-educated person and one who excels in a wide variety of subjects or fields. He was an anthropologist, ethnologist, economist, sociologist, educator, architect, engineer, sculptor, painter, playwright, novelist, historian, journalist, farmer, dramatist, ophthalmologist, martial artist, and a cartographer, among other things. Three animal species were named after Rizal; Draco Rizali, a species of flying dragon, Rachophorous Rizali, a species of toad and Apogonia Rizali, a beetle species. Jose Rizal graduated in Ateneo Municipal de Manila as one of the nine students in his class declared as ‘sobresaliente’ or ‘outstanding’. However, he didn’t really top his class when he was in high school. They were 10 in class and only 2 of them got low grades. So basically, the rest earned the same grade Rizal did. Considering that he lived during the latter part of the 19th century where the only means of long distance travel is by ship, he can be considered a very well traveled man. He traveled extensively and had been to the United States, Spain, Great Britain, France, Austria, Germany, Belgium, Switzerland, Czech Republic, Italy, Singapore, Borneo, Hong Kong, China and  Japan. Not even a millionaire today could afford the numerous and extensive travels of Jose Rizal during his time. Rizal’s most famous quotation: ‘Ang hindi magmahal sa sariling wika, daig pa ang hayop at malansang isda’. (He who does not love his own language is worse than an animal and smelly fish). Monuments in honor of Jose Rizal were not only erected in the Philippines but also in various parts of the world like Madrid, Spain; Wilhelmsfeld, Germany; Jinjiang, Fujian, China; Chicago, Cherry Hill Township, San Diego, Seattle, U.S.A.; Mexico City, Mexico; Lima, Peru; Litomerice, Czech Republic; and Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Did you know that Rizal was addressed by his European lover as the ‘little bad boy’? Filipinos are truly honest with themselves saying Rizal was not that handsome – and given the fact he was a man of medium height and small built. However, Jose Rizal had his way with women – it might be his humor, knowledge or the way he present himself. On the series of letters that were discovered to be love messages for Rizal, a Belgian woman named Suzanne wrote: ‘There will never be any home in which you are so loved as that in Brussels. So, you little bad boy, hurry back.’ (Partly related with Fact #13) There are rumors that Rizal was a playboy having a lot of girls mentioned in his autobiography and until now many believe that he really had a lot of girlfriends but the truth is that he only had few real relationships. The other girls were all just flings. and some were just plain friends. His poem Mi Retiro (My Retreat) was written when he was sick and could not work. A religious sect named the Rizalista – members of Cruzado, claims that Jose Rizal is the reincarnation of Jesus Christ. They believe that the execution in Bagumbayan was just a phase that he had to endure to be in the presence of God. They also believe that Rizal is still alive and lives deep in the  forest of Mount Makiling. There are rumors that Rizal’s book entitled El FIlibusterismo was inspired by Alexandre Dumas’ novel The Count of Monte Cristo considering that it was actually one of Rizal’s favorite stories. Quite unusual for a man about to be executed, but his pulse proved to be normal when the Spanish surgeon general requested to take his pulse moments before Rizal’s execution. Rizal was indeed ready and unafraid of his fate. Because of his famed reputation as a Casanova, it was believed that he was involved with a beautiful woman living somewhere in the border of Germany and Austria making people spread statements that Adolf Hitler of Germany and Mao Zedong of China were sons of Jose Rizal. The dam he built in Dapitan was built using burned shells and bricks that were made from the machine he built. In his letter to his best friend, he said that the dam was built by him and fourteen young boys (his students). Filipinos believe that the reason why Rizal was really intelligent is because he was born with a big head. Ambeth R. Ocampo, a multi-awarded Filipino historian, got a hold of Rizal’s original writings which revealed Rizal’s markings and side notes of male organ of different sizes that were drawn all over the book. Rizal was never really a licensed doctor. He never graduated medicine. Technically, he couldn’t really be called Doctor. Rizal was never really a dentist. He just did some self-studying and ‘pretended’ to be one. When Rizal came back, Olimpia, his most beautiful, pregnant sister, was his first patient. He assisted her delivery. Olimpia died as well as her child due to profused bleeding. And Rizal noted in his diary: ‘She would’ve died anyway†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ (Well, that might be a pain reliever joke of him.)

Biology 3.3 Dna Structure

3. 3 & 7. 1 DNA Structure Worksheet 1. Draw and label the structure of a simplified single nucleotide, including sugar, phosphate and base. 2. Complete the table below to show the pairings of the bases in DNA: Purine| Pyrimidine| Adenine| Thymine| Guanine| Cytosine| 3. Where would one find the base uracil? RNA, it replaces thymine 4. In the space below, draw a single strand of three nucleotides, naming the bonds between them and showing the correct relative position of these bonds. The sequence of these bases makes up the genetic code. The red linesrepresent covalent bonds.They are read in groups of three called triplets. These triplets arethen used to send instructions in the cell: to switch genes on and off. 5. Define the term double helix. The term double helix is two strands of DNA that twist around each other. Anti-Parallel 6. In the space below, draw a section of DNA, showing two anti-parallel strands of three nucleotides. Label the bonds which hold the bases together as well a s the correct complementary base pairs. Also include the 3’ and 5’ linkages (and ends), and the distinction between purines and pyramidines. . Explain the relevance of the following in the double-helix structure of DNA: a. Complementary base pairing Complementary base pairing is when G only bonds with C and T only bonds with A and these are found on each strand of the double helix b. Hydrogen bonds Hydrogen bonds between the bases hold together the strands of DNA c. Relative positioning of the sugar-phosphate backbone and the bases The relative positioning of the sugar-phosphate backbone are on the outside and the bases are on the inside of the double helix 8.In the space below, draw the structure of a simplified nucleosome, including the H1 linker and histone proteins. 9. Nucleosomes allow the DNA to be supercoiled. a. What is the approximate length of the DNA strand in one chromosome? The length is (length of 1 bp) (number of bp per cell) which is 2 meters. b. During which phase of the cell cycle is DNA most likely to be supercoiled? Prophase c. Outline how nucleosomes help regulate transcription. 10. Distinguish between unique or single-copy genes and highly repetitive sequences: Single-copy genes| Highly-repetitive sequences| . 5% of genome makes polypeptides. Each codon (mRNA) (3 bases) codes for one amino acid. 3% codes for ‘on/off' gene switches. Within each eukaryotic genes there are:Exons (coding regions)Introns (non-coding regions which are edited out)  Ã‚  Every gene has a ‘switch', for example a skin cell will turn off unnecessary genes so it does not perform the wrong activity (e. g. producing blood)  | Makes up about 5% – 45% of the genome. Once called junk DNAAlso known as satellite DNA, each repeated sequence can be 5-300 base pairsHRSs are used in genetic fingerprinting.This is because they accumulate mutations rapidly| Not all of the base sequences in DNA are translated. Highly repetitive base sequences ar e not translated. They consist of sequences of between 5 and 300 bases that may be repeated up to 10 000 times. They constitute 5-45% of eukaryotic DNA. Single-copy genes or unique genes are translated and constitute a surprisingly small proportion of eukaryotic DNA. 11. Distinguish between introns and exons in eukaryotic genes. Exons (coding regions) Introns (non-coding regions which are edited out)

Bebop And Free Jazz And Fusion Music Essay

Bebop And Free Jazz And Fusion Music Essay To begin with, there are numerous variations between your types of awesome, hard-bop, bebop, free-jazz, and blend. While awesome may be the many soothing and comforting bebop appears to be probably the most elaborate using its inconsistent tempos. While free-jazz may be the less limited about the hand, hard-bop may be the many brassy trumpets, and flow part. Free-jazz displays no recently established guidelines, and no limitations, no type. Blend is just a mixture between stone and punk, quite simply, blend displays results, severe digital use, and synthesizers, to punk things in addition. Bebop changed jazz to innovative art-music from trendy party music. Within the 1940s, bebop appeared to have appeared a sudden all, however it had really been creating for quite some time. While an alto saxophonist, Art Pepper heard a bop saving, it totally overwhelmed him. The bebop piece's records swung, and are fast, technical elaborative. The faculties of bebop contain inconsistent tempos, arbitrary tunes, in addition to reharmonization replacement. Bebop set more focus on solos that are substantial. A saving by Dizzy Gillespie and His Band, Manteca, includes a several traits of bebop. Nevertheless, Manteca's tempos are exceptionally slow or slow. Within this saving, Gillespie produced the Afro Cuban design a percussionist of the conga, alongside Chano Pozo. Manteca includes yell and phenomenal trumpet solos - delicate although like words of the term "Manteca". The "Manteca" yelling in a variety of arbitrary areas of the saving is very humorous. Within the launch, numerous devices start its playing together, like metal, bongos and the bass. Particularly, the sound high-pitched and very interesting. Dizzy Gillespie's trumpet solos are extremely wonderful. Obviously, there's phone-and-reaction between other devices and the metal area. You will find improvised solos within the link with each chorus. This recording seems happy, marketplace- like. The agreement in Manteca is very magnificent. Manteca seems Cuban-like, hot, and enthusiastic. Another bebop recording by the Reboppers of Charlie Parker is deemed among the bebop recording. The saving, Koko is intense and confusing, in notes which are constructed on the move recording named Cherokee and which shows characteristics. Just like a common bebop saving, Koko shows solos that are substantial. The preparations are simple. Charlie Parker displays an exceptional talent that just several saxophonists can fit. The piano-playing is very unnoticeable, however it performs lightly and leisurely within the history. The drums simply characterizes alongside Gillespieis trumpet mutes/violin playing and Parker sax playing. Parker performs in this lightening method in his alto sax, it is incredible. The tempos in Koko are inconsistent, that makes it particularly hard to check out. Koko's virtuosity seems uncontrolled. Actually, the tunes are innovative, although very unknown. Bass and the capture drum playing by Max Roach at 2: 07 is not typical since it performs in individual. Ge neral, Koko is definitely an enjoyable saving that displays plainly inconsistent looking tunes and quick tempos. Shifting along, Boplicity is just an awesome/westcoast style. Boplicity includes hardly any active contrasts or any blues affect. Unlike bebop, Boplicity is soothing and a lot more enjoyable. The solos are vibrant and somewhat significant. The tempos of an awesome that is typical /westcoast design are reasonable having a sedative perspective. The horn area in Boplicity is gentle and nimble, nothing like the hard-bop recording's brassiness. At:59, a distinction from fragile outfits of the horn goes to some tone that's a little less inadequate in the saxophone . Agreement and the tune of Boplicity is reasonably elaborate. The horn collection is large and wealthy in consistency. Boplicity displays an improvised audio, though its importance is about the preparations. AT-1:36, Davis trumpet solos with quality. Tune and the entire tone of Boplicity is beneficial and gentle, never unstable and intense. Boplicity may be them all's most comforting. Hard-bop is just a design that displays a tough- unstable and ridden audio from metal tools, like the horns and trumpets. Hard-bop faculties is just a distinction to cool west design that is cool. Hard-bop contains impacts from gospel and blues and places more emphasis. Unlike bebop's difficulty, hard-bop is very simple. Backstage Sally, a saving by the Jazz Messengers and also Art Blakey is just a hard-bop item that shows brassy sound and a powerful dance. The start begins like defeat - with horns playing as well as drums in a mix. The drums' character is extremely enthralling; particularly, drums are heavy-hitting. From hard-hitting to reasonable the drums contrasts. Unlike the tunes that are other, the drum within this hard-bop saving is particularly apparent. AT-1:03, tenor sax solos perform within an oral method. Trombone, the trumpet, along with other metal instruments perform within an method that is brassy, actually the back ground riffs are brassy that is apparent. Obviously , there's phone-and-reaction between your flow part and front-line devices. General, Backstage Sally is bluesy, lively, and seriously brassy. Consequently, hard-bop is powerful and mainly brassy -sense design. Similar to Backstage Sally, a tough bop item from the Charles Mingus Septet, Party Stop Mix is aswell. The start is mainly brassy using the horns. Boogie Stop Mix displayis 12-club blues in a playing method that is fast. The bass performs with ostinato riffs, while violin performs in a method. The horns play in a dissonant, although pointed noise; the horns will be different and distinction from appearing just like a bebop-design to hard-bop. The bass-line is specially mainly performed throughout. At 2:24, you will find high pitched solos in the drum. At 3:20, the alto saxophone allows a touching squeal out. Though, Backstage Sally does not be sounded nearly brassy as by this saving, it nevertheless the metal of display -like looks, particularly the start. Boogie Stop Mix is just a quick performed 12-club blues item with bass riffs and exemplary horns. Free-jazz type is dependant on splitting rules that were audio, in the place of establishing rules; of enjoying without limitations in Free-Jazz the impact is substantial. Unlike another styles jazz displays no type improvisations like this of New Orleans punk, and atonality, dissonance, in the event of blues abandonment. Free-Jazz includes abundant- excellent power, consistency, and playing. Two free that is remarkable jazz tracks are "World Evening" documented from the Ornette Coleman Fraction and "Cap and Mustache" documented from the Eric Dolphy Quintet. World Evening, the saving, is humorous, very lively, and fast paced. Coleman displays excitement and enthusiasm . Almost all the devices found in World Evening performs in not really move and a quick method -like. At:24, there's unaccompanied combined improvisation from trumpet and the sax, producing an oral noise. Trumpet and the alto sax appears to be speaking with one another like audio - in squall. More considerably, the alto trumpet and sax perform in wail-like, method that is strange. At:27, Cherry performs his trumpet with eccentricity and expressiveness. The flow part looks glistening particularly due to the continuous sharp ride cymbals produced in the drums. The cymbals are continual throughout creating an ostentatious- . AT-1:20, the drums stop enjoying to get a second, as the alto sax performs improvised solos with complement from low-walking bass-line. From 1:35 towards Civilization's end, the sharp ride cymbals from drums may re-emerge perform and persistently there exists a bass-line too. General, World is just a lively free and really lively jazz recording. Likewise, in Mustache and Cap, the speed is quick. In Mustache and Cap, numerous devices were used, including Dolphyis tight solos in the bass clarinet. Nevertheless, the violin was dumped within this recording. Feelings were found in Mustache and Cap to create up for the piano's lack. The feelings is effective at producing a sound noise. The improvisation is remarkable and very attractive. Dolphy displays creativity and expressiveness by having an apparent understanding of arrangements. Its impact on fresh punk and hard-bop is not indistinguishable within the saving. The speed is fairly move-like. The feelings enter having a strolling bass-line that seems humorous, at:47. The bass performs regularly through the saving in a structure that is continual. Drums and the feelings performs alongside one another in assistance. The feelings is substantial towards this recording's audio; the charm is absolutely added to by the feelings. AT-1:26, Dolphy shows odd solos on bass clarinet produci ng an unusual, wail-like, and enjoyable audio. The feelings are constant throughout because it appears once in awhile. The trumpet solos are comforting and moderate using the bass. The trumpet solos seem much like a these used in an awesome that is typical /punk westcoast design. Obviously, free-jazz doesn't use an audio type. For me, free-jazz seems fascinating and really unusual. Free-jazz artists appear to perform nonetheless they experience. Free-jazz displays uncomfortable playing for example, the wail-like sound, from numerous devices. Free-jazz plainly retains improvisation and creates awkward sounds. Unlike hard-bop, small metal sound is contained by free-jazz. Bitches Brew, the impressive saving, is definitely a perfect instance of the rock and punk blend. Miles Davis built a sizable group for this saving, that will be roughly a-12 gifted team. Blend design is not very indistinct from prior designs, due to the fact of electronics' use. Within this saving, there's evidently large utilization of results and digital devices having a minor decrease and mixture of punk things. A few of the digital devices used in this saving were electronic violin and the electronic bass guitar. Bitches Brew's start is very magnificent, particularly enjoying from percussionists and the electrical pianos. A rock like defeat and rhythm is utilized in the place of a move-like punk tempo. The drums perform in an energetic and cool way. The shaker creates the conga, in addition to an incredibly lively audio regularly throughout. At: Davisis trumpet playing, 41 includes business results, which creates an echo- . Our first thought after I first noticed this trumpet ma tch-audio is in a far more eccentrically method, although the fact that it seems like a battle horn coming simultaneously. This trumpet match-like impact creates a particularly appealing sound and is noisy. AT-1:31, virtually every device appears to collide together, making a much more remarkable audio; this crash one of the numerous devices appears to be a continuing design. AT-1:49, trumpets play in a short, parallel method. Some other results could be noticed within this saving, including the finger-snapping in the 2 of Davis:51 mark. In the 2, the bass ostinato is performed additionally:51 mark, like the ostinato found in the Footprints of Miles Davis Quintet. The ostinato creates a brief, strong and rhythmic expression. It's apparent the results profoundly improved the horn playing of Davis. The bass clarinet doesn't appear with achievement to solo, but rather performs simply because of its tone color. An interesting noise is generated by a mixture of critical results. There's a comprehensive solo part by Kilometers at 3:54, while additional devices may continuously increase with an increase of pressure to its maximum. Whilst the devices appear to perform altogether in a far more peaceful approach at this time, the devices consider an entirely distinct change. In Bitches Brew, the objective of Distance appears to tackle a approach, since percussionists were used. Bitches Brew creates a power sense, like this of the blend design attribute. General, these designs are extremely interesting. I'm most fascinated by free-jazz and blend. The looks of the free-jazz recording audio not uncommon, but uninteresting. Blend may be the most stirring. Probably the most soothing design to hear would not be warm /westcoast punk because of enjoying and its gentle tone. Probably the danceable and most powerful design could be hard-bop due to the hard-hitting on drums, bluesy guitar noise. These styles each are distinctive and unique in its approach.

What is the significance of the dates 1453 and 1763 to the emergence Essay

What is the significance of the dates 1453 and 1763 to the emergence of modern Europe - Essay Example With the introduction of Gun powder, traditional protocols of one-on-one combats were confined to the past. This made the whole enterprise of war more mechanical than ever before. The demise of Constantinople and the simultaneous rise of the Ottoman Empire are also significant from a theological point of view. For the first time in European history, a Christian kingdom was overwhelmed by an Islamic one. The relevance of this event to the modern day Europe is quite obvious, as most scholars acknowledge â€Å"the clash of civilizations† today – a famous thesis of Professor Samuel Huntington. Hence, it is not an exaggeration to state that the reverberations of this clash of two radically different cultures are still felt in modern Europe. By 1453, the Byzantine kingdom was reduced to a small and weak entity that extended little beyond the city of Constantinople. But, in spite of their modest stature, the Byzantines antagonized most of their neighbours. To their disadvantage, â€Å"the Roman and Orthodox churches had mutually excommunicated one another in 1054, and although there had been a formal Bull of Union in 1439 there was still enmity between the two wings of the church. Constantines efforts to paint the plight of Constantinople as the plight of Christendom all but failed†1. As mentioned before, after 1453 Islam had entered the erstwhile Christianity dominated European kingdoms. If modern day Europe is seen as a culturally diverse continent, then the conditions for this outcome were set in the centuries following 1453 when the Ottoman Empire attained its peak. The flourishing of the Ottoman Empire was not just confined to military success. This period also saw the rise of Islamic art and architecture that would have a major influence in modern European art and architecture as well. Another legacy of the reign of the Sultans can be seen in the social and infrastructural organization of certain modern European cities. The

International marketing management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

International marketing management - Essay Example Marketing has shifted from the traditional product centred view to a service centred view. It has further evolved into creating a new experience for the customer by providing unique values. Marketers, therefore segment, penetrate and promote goods with the objective of attracting customers (Vargo and Lusch 2004). Marketing mix as under 4 Ps does not attract a customer any longer as it is product oriented. Therefore relationship marketing has become more important because it moves marketing from transactional to relationship-based exchange. Relationship marketing brings about a new integration into the marketing dimension. With advances made in technology global trade has changed. The customer that was passive in the past has become interactive, becoming connected replacing his isolation and changed into informed from being unaware. Earlier in the seventies and eighties a large parts of the world were controlled economies, especially those of China and India.

Wartime Rape Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Wartime Rape - Research Paper Example ence of the victims themselves, if what has been reported is any indication, then the escalation in the number of wartime rapes during 20th century wars alone has increased to appalling proportions. As suggested by data on the wars in France and Germany during the second World War, the number of wartime rapes has increased by up to four times (Morris, 2000) and even a few thousand times over during the wars in Berlin (Brownmiller, 1975). With the number of wartime rape victims reaching to staggering numbers and victims continuing to hold their silence about the atrocities committed to them and most importantly, the derisory serving of justice to perpetrators of these crimes of war, more and more people’s attentions have been captured by the rape of civilians – mostly women and children. Perhaps, what makes the study of wartime rape more remarkable is the number of theories and theses that writers have come up with trying to explain the sexual carnage perpetrated during wars and its physical, emotional and economic consequences (Arcel and Kastrup, 2004). Many authors have offered their own rationalization of the act of wartime rape, but one of the most extensive explanations on the functions of rape was proposed by Seifert (1994) where these were broken down into five possible reasons of wartime sexual violence. Each of them has their own merits points of consideration. Raping the women of the enemy is a natural consequence of war. It is nothing but a part of the unwritten rules of the games of war – to the victor belong the spoils (Askin, 1997). Seifert proposes that war is a seemingly systematic activity with well established set of rules. In times of peaceful existence, sexual violence against women is a criminal offense. When wars broke out, certain conventions such as this no longer applied. Instead, a different set of rules came into play: overpower the enemy, take over their territory and destroy their possessions – including the women they

Ebay global strategy analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Ebay global strategy analysis - Essay Example The question is, "Why is this a popular place and why are they so successful?" When we look at eBays core competency we are looking at what makes it work. Why do people come to this site to sell products and services? What about eBay gives it a competitive edge over the rest of the "clone" auction sites and why are they successful despite the fact that they have raised their fees? eBay decided when they started that they would become part of the auction market. They had to decide what types of products they would allow and what would happen along the way. eBay has worked very hard to become a leading provider of online sites for auctions. They provide a way for customers to trade with other customers around the world (Coghlan, Pauley, and Scott, 2008, p. 9). Because they also have business people at their helm they have been able to create a stronger market share. According to Decot and Lee (2006) eBay has experienced managers who are savvy in business. Some have referred to them as a "tech company run by business people" (Decot and Lee, p. 8). Because of this eBay also is cautious as it takes on new ventures. They want to make sure that if they move forward, they can predict that they will be number one or two in that market (Decot and Lee, p. 9). Another core competency is the fact that they have become the largest online auction site. As of 2006, they had 94.9 million users who were registered in more than 150 countries (Coghlan, Pauley and Scott, p. 9). They have increased their market share in the United States and have over one third of the U.S. population trading regularly on eBay. eBays logo with the variety of colors and unique writing style creates another aspect of its core competency. People recognize the logo, it has become associated with a company that you can trust and most people have purchased at least one item on the site. According to Carr (2001) a value chain is: "†¦the series of activities that your

The status of women around the world and whether it has changed over Essay - 1

The status of women around the world and whether it has changed over time - Essay Example There have been different women through the centuries who have succeeded in having adventurous lives in spite of social customs that were created to confine them to the home. Khaizuran. Al-Khayzuran was a woman who travelled extensively in an era when women were severely restricted in all aspects of social life. She was born at the height of the Abbasid Empire, in Yemen. However, she would be kidnapped by Bedouin traders who then sold her to the Abbasid court as a slave (Hansen and Curtis 253). After she began to serve in the house of the next Caliph Al-Mahdi, she became personally involved with him and married him. She would bear two future caliphs Harun Al-Rashid, and Al-Hadi. In spite of living in a society that deeply oppressed its womenfolk, Al-Khayzuran was able to acquire and wield political power after marrying the most important man in the kingdom (Spodek 57). Her relatives were even awarded positions due to her influence in court. She also deeply influenced her sons who wou ld be future rulers. Even though Al-Khayzuran wielded unusual power for a woman of her day, she only managed to do this because she was the wife of the caliph. The position of women in her society did not benefit from her ascension to power. Gudrid. In some cases, women actually made the decision to go against the grain and take power for themselves. Gudrid, who was the sister-in-law of Leif Eriksson made just such a decision. Leif Eriksson was the man who landed on the American continent five centuries before Christopher Columbus did. After reaching the New World, Leif left never to return. Gudrid, however, wanted to remain there. She attempted to settle in the land that was named ‘Vinland’. Even though women were not viewed as warriors in the same way that men were, they had some more freedoms than their sisters in the medieval era would have in the next few centuries. Viking women, like Gudrid, could own ships as well as farms (Hansen and Curtis 286). Sometimes they relocated with their husbands, just as Gudrid did, when their men went in search of new lands to conquer. However, during such campaigns, they were often left behind to tend to commercial activities as well as the lands that were left behind when their husbands left. Moreover, even in campaigns, there were many times when women were required on trips. Li Qing-Zhao. While this type of freedom cannot be compared to that enjoyed by women in the 21st century, it was still much more than that enjoyed by women in other areas in the world. For example, for Li Qing-Zhao, who lived during the Song Dynasty life was much harder. Women in the Song dynasty were confined to homes and could not hold business related or political leadership positions. In addition, they could only improve their status by bearing male children. Li Qing-Zhao was a unique woman of her time who became a poet in spite of all the restrictions that she was bound by. She also travelled to many places as a result of adversit ies such as invasions from other nations. After her husband lost his battle with Malaria, Li Qing-Zhao would spend the rest of her life wandering from place to place. When she settled in Hangzhou in 1132, her writings in

I believe Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

I believe - Essay Example When I was in junior high school, I joined the basketball team, we had matches held every Saturday against other schools in the league, we practice a lot during the whole week days and we were confident to think every time that no team is better than us. In our first game we were defeated with the score 80-2. I was so much disturbed that I never thought we would be so bad, and at that time I just felt that simply training is not enough. I went back home and during dinner I told my dad about the basket ball team and my idea to quit the basketball team and join the soccer team. I said that the basketball team was a mere waste of time. My dad seemed to be inconsistent with my opinion, he went mad and shouted at me, he told me that â€Å"if one loss makes you to think of giving up, I am sure you will neither match my success and nor will make your life meaningful† He told me that, when he was young and just started working for his father he had to confront with variety of people and a range of treatments. They were of the view that my dad contracted this position because his dad was the owner of the company, but that didn’t stop him. He remained deaf towards their comments and was contemplating on improving his working style and within 3 months he became a salesperson with a fantastic proof of selling the maximum number of product of that year... Even then I found myself not convinced with his moral; I was still obsessed with the thought that his experience has a lot of discrepancy with mine... The team was so bad, but in order to flee from my dad’s resentment I remained in the basketball team itself. During that year we had lost most of our games, the thought of quitting was taunting me every time when I went for the match, but the words of my dad kept echoing â€Å"Do not think of Giving up!†.. So I decided to stay, and started concentrating in practicing and trying to analyze the

Business economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Business economics - Essay Example The largest consumers of fossil fuels are the automobile industry and the electric power generation industry. Major manufacturers of the world also rely mostly on bunker fuels to run their factories. What â€Å"peak oil† means is that oil production is now on a downward slope due to declining oil production from rapid depletion of this non-renewable energy source. Oil is also an energy that has security risks involved as its source, chiefly in the Middle East, has been wracked by production disruptions lately. Economic development for the past several decades has been anchored on the assumption of cheap oil supplies but this is not true anymore. Fossil fuels or hydrocarbons have supplied the most of energy requirements for transportation and also for the production of fertilizers, plastics, fibers, pesticides, detergents and even pharmaceuticals (Abdullah, 2005:18). It is quite ironic the automobile industry is only now again reviving electric cars although the technology had been around since the invention of cars centuries ago but shelved due to the availability of vast cheap oil which precluded further development of electric and hybrid cars (Anderson, 2010:4). Market Structure – the oil industry is an oligopoly. ... To date, the only large areas still left unexplored are the large patch of ocean in the South China Sea known as the Spratly Islands group (Deffeyes, 2001:9) and the cold Arctic wastes of the North Pole (Myers, 2011:1). The global warming from climate change had made the ice glaciers retreat which now opened many new inaccessible areas to possible oil and gas exploration activities. Price Discrimination – the oil industry had been charged in the past of this bad practice as it has a complete hold on oil production and sale. There is latent price collusion among the oil producers in which one leading producer can increase its prices at will and then followed by the other producers (OPEC is an example although its pricing power has weaned recently). Other practices include setting the maximum price that the market can bear as producers in oligopolies are price-takers (ability to set the price) especially with oil becoming a diminishing commodity. Industry players are able to do this because of price inelasticity in oil demand in some markets. Government Regulations – the oil industry also stands accused of price gouging in which the players take advantage of price volatility in the international markets to their own advantage. Although many factors determine the gasoline price at the pump, it has been estimated only 85% of price changes are due to changes in demand conditions worldwide. This is further complicated by growing demand from strong powerful economies like China and India. In the United States, Robinson-Patman Act (1936) makes price discrimination an illegal practice. It is rarely enforced due to the difficulties in monitoring volatility and the many factors driving gas prices. Global Business Environment – the industrialized

English Poetry and of Mice and Men Exam Practice Essay Example for Free

English Poetry and of Mice and Men Exam Practice Essay what to look for in poetry †¢tone †¢pace †¢mood/atmoshere †¢themes/ideas †¢imagery †¢techniques, why woman work and overheard in country Sligo differences- ââ€" ªwoman work-very busy mood and atmosphere-because of the rhyme! reflects everything she has to do ââ€" ªOverhead-calmer, more relaxed, slow pace!-reflects here quite country irish life. the women themselves are different, one busy one maybe too similarity- †¢neither women feel like they have a lot to call their own †¢woman work talks about she can only call nature her own-star shine, moon glow/your all that i can call my own †¢overheard-says how she wanted her name in a book or on Angelou-implies stage, didnt get what she wanted i ought to feel happy-implies she should but doesnt †¢both spend their time doing house work The poem, Woman Work by Maya Angelou shows how busy life can be for a black woman in southern american, and the general mood is very busy, with the use of rhyming giving it a quick pace, reflecting on her life. It also highlights how she doesnt feel like she has a lot to a call her own in life, implying everything she does is not for self. The poem, Overhear in County Sligo shows the life a married woman in rural Ireland and the poem has a much calmer mood and slower pace reflecting the quiet she lives. It talks about dreams that the woman once had, and how maybe shes not as happy with her lot in life. I find my face in the glass/I ought to feel Im a happy woman this stands out to me in this poem as I think it provokes very strong emotions and empathy towards the woman, by showing how unhappy and unfulfilled she feels. One of the main differences between these two poems is the pace and mood. Woman Work has a much a quicker pass and busier mood whereas Overheard in County Sligo is much slower and more relaxed. In Woman Work Angelou uses short lines and a rhyme, to give the poem a quick pass. Reflecting on how busy life may be for the woman. Angelou writes, Ive got the children to tend / the clothes to mend. These lines are quite short, and the pace implies that the woman has to do all the work and has a lot of responsibilities. The use of the word tend also makes looking after the children sound like a very tedious thing and almost chore like, implying that she feels she many other and maybe more important things to be doing. In Overheard in Country Sligo the mood is much calmer and the slower pace gives a relaxing mood. Clarke writes, with a field of cows and a yard of hens this line, like the majority in the poem is quite longs and has a slow pace when reading, this may have been done to reflect t he womans lifestyle, and the poets use of describing the countryside makes life seem very calm and idyllic, almost as If the woman doesnt have a lot she has to rush for. One the main similarities in the poems is the impression that neither women have much that they feel they can call their own. In Woman Work, Angelou writes, star shine, moon glow/your all that I can call my own this shows that she doesnt feel that she has much she can call here own, implying that all the work she dos is not for herself, but for others. The uses of the words shine and glow to describe nature, implies that natures is possibly the one calm and beautiful thing in here life. In Overheard in Country Sligo, Clarke writes, or have my name printed in a book/to see my thoughts on printed page this implies that the woman had bigger dreams than of getting married and I think the use of the phrase my name printed shows that she wanted to have something that belonged to her and that showed everything she thought or did. I also think the fact that she states I married a man from County Roscommon shows that she may feel little belongs to here or has her name on, and that maybe she f eels that shes living a life for here husband and not for her self. Another similarity in the poems is that both women spend their time doing house work and chores. In Woman Work, Angelou lists off everything the she has to do with her day. Angelou writes, the floor to mop/the food to shop this makes her work seem very tedious and mundane and Clarke gives the similar impression about work in Overheard in County Sligo, when she writes and polish the lustre and brass,/to order and dust the tumbled rooms. She makes does not make work sound very interesting or something that she enjoys. However a subtle difference between the two is that Clarke makes the womans work seem very monotonous or as if she has to force herself to it, whereas in Woman Work, work seem to be very hectic and rushed. Valentine by carol ann Duffy and †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ by w h Auden plan- †¢valentine- its very personal shes writing it to her lover, shown by using i and you- personal pronouns †¢funeral blue- it seems more like hes declaring his feeling, attitude, instead of referring to the dead lover thus effects the mood. †¢valentine- onion represents love but also link s to the future, time continues †¢funeral- wants time to end, no future †¢love stays with you, nothings the same when it ends Valentine by Carol Ann Duffy is about giving an onion as a gift on valentines day, to represent love, the poet is tired of meaning less clichà © gifts and whats to give something truthful and poetic instead. She talks about every thing that the onion represents and what love entails, and the overall mood is very personal and uplifting, as if she was directly addressing a lover. Funeral blues is about life now that a lover is dead, and how its so difficult to understand how things can go on in life, but the fact that he uses a rhyme lighten the pace and shows that for others life will go on as normal. This poem seems more like the poet making a statement and has a very powerful, but sad mood as you realise how deviating a lose it is to the poet. One of the main differences between the poems is the tone and mood that they sets. Valentine, is very personal, it implies through the use of the personal pronouns, you and i that its supposed to have a more personal and intimate feel. Duffy shows this when she writes, I give you an onion./its fierce kiss will stay on your lips,/possessive and faithful, she uses very powerful words such as fierce and possessive which create a more passionate and powerful mood, giving a reader a string sense of her love for this person. Funeral blues however has a different tone and mood, it seems a lot less intimate ad personal but more like the poet trying to declare their pain to everyone, instead of referring to the lover in a personal way, he uses 3rd person as if hes telling others, not speaking to the dead lover. Auden shows this when he writes he was my north, my south, my east, my west,. This line is very strong and again reflects the sense of declaration that i think sets the mood throughout the poem, and the use of he makes it feels like a statement that everyone should here, which differs to the personal account given by Duffy. Another difference in the poem is the theme. Valentine talks about promise and future, where as in Funeral Blues it seems like the poets cant believe there is a future and that life can still go on. Duffy shows this theme of future in several different ways, one being when she writes Its platinum loops shrink to a wedding-ring, this line implies that she can imagine future with her lover, and the phrase, if you like implies that they can make what they want of life, and that again theres a future. Contrastingly in funeral blues Auden implies that he can no longer see a future know that hes alone, and nothing is worth while, this is show mainly in the final stanza,pour away the ocean, and sweep up the wood. implying that everything seems pointless in life and he can no longer appreciate the beauty in the world. One similarity between the poems is the idea that love is every powerful and stays with you no matter how it ends. Duffy shows this in Valentine in the final stanza, when she uses the strength of an onions smell as a metaphor for love staying with you, Its scent will cling to your fingers. The use of the word cling in this line is very powerful and helps to show the level in which love stays with you, implying its hold over a person is very strong. Auden shows love in a similar light in Funeral Blues, he writes, for nothing now can ever come to any good implying that love has changed everything, the way he perceives things and does things, showing like in Valentine the power love has over a person. Look closely at the text, what does it real about georges character, how does he behave and speak? plan- †¢george, it shows hes aware of the prejudice towards Lennie-feels the need to lie about why they travel together. †¢gets angry with Lennie, makes his life more difficult, doesnt always appreciate or is aware of the trouble george goes to. †¢hes quite quick and sharp, he responds well to question, knows the right things to say The extract reveals quite a lot about Georges character. It shows that George as quite a sharp and intelligent character, who seems to be able to say the right things. Steinbeck shows this when he write, george broke in loudly. oh! I aint saying hes bright. He aint. but hes a god damn good worker. This implies that george is very quick and sharp, hes very aware of the right things to say. The fact that Steinbeck also uses quite sharp short sentences here when Georges is speaking helps to show Georges thought proses and you can see him thinking about the thing the boss night want to hear. The extract also reveals that Georges character is very aware of the prejudice towards Lennie, and wants to do what he can protect Lennie as well as ensure them a job. He does this by not allowing Lennie to talk, and explaining why he may not come across as smart because he got kicked in the head by a horse when he was kid. This also implies that george doesnt share everyone elses prejudice towards m ental disabilities, or at least not Lennies. In the extract Steinbeck also represents george as having a short temper at times, especially regarding Lennie. Steinbeck shows this when he writes be a damn good thing if you was, george said viciously save everybody a hell of a lot o trouble. this gives the impression that George finds moving around with Lennie very frustrating, maybe because he knows that Lennie is always aware appreciates everything george does, and hes knows how much easier things would be if Lennie wasnt there. the use of the word viciously reveals a lot about Georges character and shows that he is capable of being quite vastly and powerful when he losses his temper. How the Steinbeck present slims character in the extract? Plan- †¢made to seem very friendly ad welcoming-his tone was friendly, it invited confidence without demanding it. †¢deep, wise, understanding, smart-his slow speech had overtones of not thought, but of understanding beyond thought — not like other ranch workers †¢impressive, strong. — He was the prince of the ranch, capable of driving, ten, sixteen even twenty mules with a single line. — Just the length of Stienbecks destruction makes him seem more impressive. †¢authoritative-all talk stopped when spoke. his authority was so great his word was taken on any subject. be it police or love in extract Steinbeck presents slim as being very different to your typical ranch worker at the time and shows many aspects of slims character. one being that he seem very strong and impressive, Steinbeck shows this when he writes, he was the price of the ranch, capable of driving, ten, sixteen even twenty mules with a single line this show how strong he is but steinboks use of increase figures makes him seem more impressive and as if hes strength has no end. the length in which steinbok writes about slim also emphasise how impressive a character he is. In the extract Steinbeck also presents slim as being a very deep, understanding and smart character. Steinbeck writes, his slow speech had overtones not of thought but of understanding beyond though. This implies that slims is a very deep character, whos understanding is far beyond that of other ranch workers. slim is also made to seem very authoritative in this extract. one of the ways in which steinbok shows this is when he writes h is tone was friendly, it invited confidence without demanding it. this shows slims character as being very friendly, but also as very reasonable and welcoming. the use of the word confidence also highlights that slims a character who is able to better others and confident that jet simp;y being around him enables others to be more open and confident. Finally Steinbeck shows slims slim authority. He does this when he writes, all talk stopped when he spoke. His authority was so great his word would be taken on any subject wether it be politics or love this quote highlights every aspect of slims character and the way people view him, it reinforces the fact that he is wise and knowledgeable ,as well as showing his power and straight over others. How does Steinbeck create mood and atmosphere in the extract? plan- †¢peaceful and innocent, sets the mood through describing cureless wife †¢quite, time stops Steinbeck creates mood and atmosphere in the extract through describing how quiet it is in barn. He describes how things change, and the way he looks at light gives a very calm and almost magical atmosphere. the sun streaks were high on the wall by now, and light was growing soft the makes everything seem very bright and the uses of the word soft creates a magical and beautiful atmosphere which helps to reflect upon how Curleys wife is portrayed know she is dead. Steinbeck also creates mood in the extract with the line and sound and movement stopped for much, much more that a moment, the reinforces the magical and peaceful atmosphere in this scene, and the use of the word stop makes the reader themselves pause and think about for a moment, creating a very deep and more effective mood. Steinbeck also creates mood in this extract through his description of Cruleys wife, and the meanness and the planning and the discontent and ache for attention were all gone from her face. this line m akes the reader feel a sense of the pain she felt when she was a live, but by referring to her pain Steinbeck also creates a stronger sense of freedom and relief now that see has died. the phrases gone from her face, also allows the reader to picture the scene and what she might look like creating a more real atmosphere. what to include- †¢context- the time †¢themes †¢tracking †¢what happens †¢quotes †¢conclusion For which character do you have the most sympathy for? Show how Steinbecks presentation of your character creates sympathy. plan- ââ€" ªcurelys wife ââ€" ªprejudice- i cant tai to know body but curly, jailbait, tart ââ€" ªloneliness-think i dont like to talk to nobody ever once in a while ââ€" ªunhappy marriage think Im gonna stay in that 2 by 4 house and listen to how curley gonna lead with his left ââ€" ªamerican dream-i could have been in the pitchers, failed know shes with curley ââ€" ªsymplahy in beauty in death, reveals hr pain ââ€" ªthe way she confided in lennie i dont like curley he aint a nice fella i have the most sympathy for curleys wife in the novel as i think that she has had a lot of disappointment and hardship in her life. one way in which stienbeck creates sympathy for her character is through showing her loneliness and how unhappy she is in her marriage. she does not seem happy or in love with curley, or the new life she has to lead to on the ranch, and her marriage is the main reason shes so lonely, it has meant shes isolated on the ranch, think Im gonna stay in that 2 by 4 house and listen to how cureless gonna lead with his left. and the fact that she doesnt seem to anything common with curley and hes quite self pbsored means she doesnt feel happy. and when she confides in lennie by saying i dont like curley, he aint a nice fella it generates sympathy by showing how unhappy she is about her life, and the fact that she says he aint a nice fella almost makes her appear trapped. the way she is treated by the other ranch workers also generates sympathy, as it makes her s eem very unwanted, as most of the ranch workers judge her harshly, and shes accused of being a tart and jailbait. the ranch workers attitudes towards her also shows the prejudice women faced at the time, and the fact that shes is a married women means no one should be talking to her, and shes expected to stay in the house and conform to society in the 1930s. one of the main ways in which Steinbeck creates sympathy for her character is through the way she is presented in death. he describes her as young and pretty, and the emphases he puts upon how all the plottig and meanness left her, and she looked so a peace, made all the pain shed felt in life very real. her american dream also generates sympathy, as it shows the hard ship and disappointment shes had to face in a life, but the she also deep down thinks she might get there some day. it shows the sort of life she desired and in a way that might have made her new life on the ranch harder to face. How does John Steinbeck presentation of George throughout the novel affect your feelings towards him? In this essay I will explore the presentation of George throughout the novel. One of the ways in which Steinbeck presents George is as a caring man. This is largely show through his parental attitude towards Lennie. He is shown to care about out Lennie and tries to keep him out of trouble even though he does not actually have any obligation to. This is shown during the first chapter when we see George take a lot of responsibility for Lennie, carrying his things â€Å"think I’d let you carry your own work card† and generally looking after him . This factor affected my feelings towards George, especially as during the time it was not normal for one man to care so much for another, especially ranch workers, as shown when slim finds out they travel together, â€Å"I never seen one guy care so much for another†. However George is shown to lose his temper with Lennie on several occasion, an example being in the first chapter when Lennie asks for ketchup, â€Å"you alw ays want what I ain’t got†, showing how difficult life can be for George traveling with him. This generates some sympathy towards George for me as it again shows how he puts up with Lennie because he loves him, even though he knows how different his life could be if he travelled alone. George’s attitude towards the American affected my feelings towards his character as well, especially as we saw it develop throughout the novel, and there are three main points that show how he feels towards the American dream. The first being when he is telling the story of their farm to Lennie, he interrupts himself and says â€Å"I ain’t got time for no more†, I think this shows that sometimes he gets caught up in this story, showing how much he longs for it but that deep downs knows how near impossible it is to achieve. The second point that I think is key to Georges attitude towards the American dream is when candy offers to give them the money. We see how excited George is when he says â€Å"we’ll do her†, this point affected my feelings towards him as it shows how much he wants the dream and gave me a sense of Georges happiness. I think that the main point regarding George’s attitude towards the dream was after candy had shown George Curley’s wife’s body, it’s during this scene we see how the dream was always really something for him and Lennie, and if he can’t do it worth Lennie it seems he doesn’t want to do it at all. All of these points really impacted my feeling towards as it generates a lot of emotions such as joy and sympathy towards George. How is the relationship between Curley and his wife important to the novel as a whole? plan- †¢shows that during the time relationships werent always based on love †¢prejudice- Curley doesnt let his wife talk to others †¢loneliness-shows that even though your wit someone you can still be lonely- happiness †¢their relationship is not close, this causes cureless wife to stray to talk to others, talk to Lennie Loneliness is at the heart of the novel, to what extent do you agree with this? Show how Steinbeck presents the theme of friendship in of mice and men? plan- †¢presents it as rare- ranch workers, time †¢presents it as brief and fragile †¢presents it through candy and dog †¢lennie and george †¢maybe look at slim being v. understanding and friendly and curly not trusting new people. Steinbeck presents the theme of friendship is several different easy throughout the novel. Steinbeck presents friendship as rare throughout the novel, during the 1930s male friendship between ranch workers was very rare, one point when this is show is when the ranch boss say i never seen one guy take so much trouble for another, implying that friendship between men is a very rare thing, and that workers may prefer to to keep to themselves. the rarity of lennie and georges friendship is also shown through several statements implying that they can not just be friends, for example when george and lennie meet curley as well as the boss they are questioned about the motives of their friendship. as well as presenting friendship as rare, Steinbeck also presents it as fragile, as we see the two major friendships end, candy and when his dog is shoot and lennie and george, when george kills lennie. The characters are powerless do you agree i do not agree all the characters are completely powerless, how ever in some ways the majority of them are for- Lennie †¢stronge †¢cant control him self, relies on others, mental illness. -Curleys wife †¢prejudice, Curley controls her -slim †¢powerful

Romeo and Juliet essay Essay Example for Free

Romeo and Juliet essay Essay Marco has shown him whose boss and Eddie does not like it. This scene is also left in the audience because the curtain then closes, so this is the picture put into their heads last. A Scene of triumph, a scene of warning, it says dont mess with me, or my brother! Because I will always win. Millers stage directions are also very important here. This is why A View from the Bridge is a play and not a book. The audience need to see Marcos face of warning and Eddies grin vanish as he realises whats just happened. This would not be written effectively enough for the audience to understand this is such a dramatic action in the play. Because to a reader this seems like another game, like there still getting a long fine. But the stage directions his chair raised like a weapon over Eddies head. These stage directions show that this is no longer a fun family game, but a competition and a threat. We open again; Alfieri makes the audience aware that Rodolfo and Catherine are alone, for the first time. In this scene we can clearly see that Eddie has got to her he has Catherine anxious and scared that Rodolfo might only want his papers. She starts by questioning him, whether or not he would be willing to relocate back to Italy if the circumstances allow it. Suppose I want to live in Italy. Rodolfo thinks that Catherine is joking as he says you going to marry somebody rich? Then Catherine quickly shows him she is not joking No I mean live there- you and me (His smile vanishing) Rodolfo becomes disappointed in Catherine as she is taking Eddies words to heart. Thy continue their conversation and Catherine brings up the real problem, Im afraid of Eddie here. Rodolfo is so angry not at Catherine, but Eddies poisonous words that have corrupted his loves mouth. He gets angry you think I would carry on my back the rest of my days a women I didnt love just to be an American? this rhetorical question hives effect to the sentence. It leaves Catherine with no choice but to say no and to agree. And unwisely this leads to a large fall in Eddies status. Theres nobody here now, come inside. ( He leads her towards the bedroom) At this point Eddie appears and he is drunk. Already the audience can see that this is a recipe for disaster. Catherine and Rodolfo are in the bedroom, and Eddie is drunk, so not quite able to control himself. When he sees Rodolfo and Catherine come out of the bedroom, he is angry. As any father would be if in his situation, but Eddie is angry for a different reason, he is jealous of Rodolfo. Pack it up. Go ahead. Get your stuff and get outa here. When Catherine makes a move to go with Rodolfo, Eddie is angry and takes what he wants. He doesnt ask, he just takes it. (He reaches out suddenly, draws her to him, and as she strives to free herself he kisses her on the mouth. This disgusting and selfish move from Eddie only causes more problems. He has just forced the girl he raised like a daughter to kiss him. It is at this point we as the audience truly learn of Eddies true desires. Then the ironic line follows. Stop that! Have respect for her! Rodolfo is now demanding respect, but for Catherine. After Eddies countless demands that Rodolfo doesnt respect him or Catherine the roles have now reversed and it is Eddie needing told. Then Eddie takes it all as a joke and kisses Rodolfo as well. Eddie has taken it to far by now. And he is almost at a point where he cannot climb back up to the top. You can quicker get back a million dollars that was stole that a word that you gave a way. Eddie had almost reached this point, where a million dollars would be easier to get back than his respect. He snitched on his whole family I want to report something. Illegal immigrants. Two of them. Eddies respect has gone. Theres no way of retrieving it now. His name, his family this is a huge step in the scale, telling on his own family and ruining their lives. In this play Eddie becomes very selfish, I want my name he says this like someone has taken it from him, when he has taken it from himself. You used to be different when he is the one that has clearly changed. Beatrices line IM no different shows us that every one is noticing the change in Eddie now. Is Eddie the victim? No he is not. Eddie is the culprit through and through this play, and now every one knows it. When the immigration officers come, Beatrice knows straight away. Oh, Jesus, Eddie. oh, my God, my God What did you do? Eddie denies it, but everyone knows, Catherine knows, Beatrice knows, Marco knows, Rodolfo knows, even the neighbourhood knows, Eddie Carbone is a traitor to his family. A guy do a thing like that, hows he gonna show his face? And o add insult to injury, Marco points him out in front of every one. That one! I accuse that one! he is too disgusted to use his name, but just points. He killed my children! That one stole the food from my children! Miller uses this line because he is showing the audience this is it. The end. Marco will go back to Italy, to no work and no money to feed his family. Eddie, who once helped, killed his family. Eddie should be humbled, he should be quiet. He has accomplished hat he wanted. But he is still hung over about his name. Only blood is good? Beatrice tries to tell Eddie that Marco comes in peace; he wants this to be over. But Marco is beyond kissing Eddies hand. Ad Eddie is beyond letting him. In both these stubborn mens eyes there is only malice and hatred. Te only way to solve this, is to confront it like a man. Eddie Carbone! shouting his name is almost a challenge, Eddie repeats his name three times, as though confirming that it is HIS name, and he wants it. Maybe hes come to apologize, heh Marco? For what you said to me in front of the whole neighbourhood? Wipin the neighbourhood with my name like a dirty rag! I want my name Marco! his next step has he lunges for Marco looks as though he is going to physically take his name from Marco. When it is irretrievable. But Marco shows his strength again another step in Eddies decline. Animal! You go on your knees to me! The tears are in Eddies eyes. Everyone knows he has taken it too far, even him. But he cannot quit now. He lunges towards Marco as Marco flips the blade and delivers a fatal blow. Eddie has gone. He is not Eddie anymore. He lost himself trying to get what he wanted to most. His inappropriate love for Catherine was his downfall. Mans jealously over powered him and no one could help him come back. He finally gives up on his deathbed he appears as though he is going to tell B of, why did you let this happen then he dies in her arms, with the words My B! He loves B but it is to late now. Alfieris closing statement reminds us of the beginning, Most of the time we settle for half, and I like it better. If Eddie Carbone had settled for his half, Catherine and Rodolfo would have been happily married, Marco would have enough money to go to his family and Eddie and Beatrice would continue to love. Eddie would have respect. But he was greedy; he wanted the whole apple not just a bite. This story does not have a happy ending, as you would expect it to. It leaves us guessing, but Eddies greed incapacitates those around him. The audience is left with no doubt in their minds at what happens next. And they cant help thinking; this is not a story that has never happened before. This tale happens all over the world, men take what the want and give nothing back. And yet, it is better to settle for half, it must be! And so I mourn him- I admit it- with a certain alarm! Abigail Craig-A View From the Bridge Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Arthur Miller section.

Challenges to Chinas Governance

Challenges to Chinas Governance Wong Regan Wing Kwan Understanding China’s Governance:  Challenges and Prospects Have legal reforms implemented so far limited the arbitrary use of official power, advanced the independence of the judiciary and promoted the rule of law in China Introduction Over the years, changes have constantly been made to the legal system of China. Despite the massive changes in the legal system of China, the modern development of the Chinese legal system had not been started until about 30 years ago. The formation of an entirely new legal system in China is particular special and interesting because China undergoes dramatic sociological, economic and cultural changes along with the legal reform. In this essay I am going to discuss whether the reform of the legal system has achieved its main goals: to restrict the unauthorized use of official power, to advance the independence of judiciary, and ultimately, the promotion of the rule of law in the country. I will first talk about the background of China’s legal system. Then I am going to describe the changes that have been made to China’s legal system. Last but not least, I will address and discuss whether the reforms have preceded their main goals. Background of China’s legal system Traditional Chinese Law This is the starting point of the historic development of the legal system of China. Being practiced and in forced by the Chinese Empire[1], the Traditional Chinese Law mainly dealt with the regulation of the government and the development if natural economy, with no protection of rights involved. The law lasted until the 19th century because it could not cope with the economic development at that period, especially when the western capitalist civilization was influencing China at that period. Acceptance of Foreign Law This is a reform which was done by the Qing Dynasty in the late 19th century and early 20th century. The reform aimed to meet the requirements of development at the international level and to cope with the national economy. Unfortunately, the resign of the last emperor of China in 1912[2] led China to its long period of civil wars. During this long period, the political system and the legal system of China were both delicate and erratic. China was so unstable at that time that it was impossible for them to establish a legal system. Socialist Legal system The instability of China’s legal and political system maintained for a long period until 1949, when Mao Zedong Proclaimed the People’s Republic of China (PRC). A socialist legal system was implemented at that time[3], which was based on ‘Maxist Leninist ideas’. Maxist Leninist ideas refer to the conversion of a country to a socialist republic. And this conversion must be led by a group of conductors that are professional revolutionaries[4]. This new legal system has several characteristics including the fact that the regulation of economy requires little need for the body of law. Nonetheless, this development phase did not last long because of political changes – the Cultural Revolution. â€Å"Democratic institutionalization and legalization† in 1978 In 1978, China has started to establish a modern legal system. The Chinese Communist Party (CCP) opened a platform for democratic institutionalization and legalization at the 3rd Plenum of the 11th Central committee[5]. Deng Xiaoping’s goal was to seek for continuity and stability of the law and the system. However, because Deng took an experimental approach for this reform, the reform created a lot of error systems and laws. Major reforms Changes in the law making bodies There has been an increase of transparency and openness in the law making bodies. Two major law making bodies in China are National People’s Congress (NPC) and Local People’s Congress (PCs). Both law making bodies have increased their transparency gradually over the years, and they become more open to the public. For instance, they start releasing drafts of laws, and start providing public participation and hearings. 1982 Constitutional Reform[6] In total the Chinese Constitution had been amended for 4 times. A new version of Constitution was adopted in 1982. One of the major changes is that the party control of China is replaced by party leadership. The new constitution also emphasizes on the sanctity and conformity of the socialist legal system. This Proclaims that the constitution and the law are above any individual, organization or even political party. Legislative reforms In addition to the constitutional reforms, there have also been changes in lawmaking over the years. Lawmaking has shifted its focus from enhancing the state’s economy to addressing social issues, including the provision of transparency and social fairness. The shift is made because China’s leadership understand that except from the delivery of rapid economic growth, assuring fairness and harmony in the society also plays a vital role in order to ensure the legitimacy of China’s one-party rule. Thus, more laws on welfare, social security and health insurance etc. are included in more recent NPC legislative plans. The major reforms include Administrative Litigation Law (1989) which was considered as revolutionary because it was the first time that the citizen were allowed to challenge the government by using the court system; State compensation Law (1994) which allow citizen to sue the government; Administrative reconsideration Law (1999) which allow the request for review for any government action; Administrative Penalties Law (1996) which granted procedural rights for the public and Administrative Licensing Law (2003) which limits corruption[7]. Court Reform There are also reforms of the judiciary system. The Supreme People’s Court (SPC) had its first plan for the reform of the judiciary system in the 90s. The aims of the reform were straight forward. They aim to improve the quality of judges by training; addressing the problem of corruption and so as to enhance the potency of system; and to inspect the judges. The reforms are designed to improve both the professionalism of court system and the competence of judges. In order to achieve the goals, new rules are implemented. For example, all of the new judges have to pass the national unified judicial exam which has a passing rate of less than 10 percent[8]. This ensures the competency of the judges. Moreover, there is an emphasis on legal and logical reasoning in courts. Opinions should also be according to facts. The reform allow public to engage more confidence to the courts and help resisting corruption and interference. The Rule of Law and Judiciary Independence in China Rule of Law by definition is the constriction of the arbitrary use of power by laws[9]. In order for the Rule of Law to work, the government must be under the control by law. Also, the law must be enforced by an independent body – the courts. The courts thus act as a mediator between the government and the citizen. However in my opinion in China’s case, due to its one-party control, the communist party controls the government and involves in all of the governmental affairs. This may include the formulation of general policies, judicial affairs and the determination of appointments to official posts. The lack of independence between the government and the party suggests that the rule of law has not been promoted by China’s legal reform. In addition, both the NPC and the PC are basically under the control of CCP, the lack of independence of the NPC and the PC restricts the rule of law by a lot because the PC and the NPC are the law making bodies in the country. The CCP can get involved in the law making process, so it controls the law that regulates the country. In addition, there are many laws being drafted by local or central government. The laws drafted may provide interests to the region or the department instead of providing general interest for the public. CCP also indirectly controls the court due to its control over the PCs. For example, the judiciary is not entirely separated from PCs because judges are appointed and remunerated by PCs. This may cause political interference by local parties and ultimately causing local protection. The lack of independence between the court and CCP again shows that the rule of law cannot be applied on China. Furthermore, the constitutional and legal status of the CCP is still unclear. It is still unclear whether the constitution determines CCP’s legitimacy; or the CCP determines the legitimacy of the constitution. It is also unclear that whether the party is above the law. Moreover, the enforcement of law has been a challenge to the promotion of the rule of law in China. In addition to the independence between the law enforcing body and the government, it is necessary for the law of the country to be legitimate and to be enforceable. Or else, the rule of law will not work. Due to the weak and inferior punishment and penalty for the people who disobeyed court orders, the law becomes hard to be enforced in China. Rebuttal: Socialist Rule of Law Theory While all of the information above showed us that the legal reform has not promoted the rule of law in China, some people advocate the â€Å"Socialist Rule of Law Theory†, suggesting that instead of the promotion of rule of law, the legal reforms of China promoted â€Å"Socialist Rule of Law†. They separate the Rule of Law from the Socialist Rule of Law. The Socialist Rule of Law advocates that in order to achieve a ‘harmonious society’, the legal system must follow the leadership of the party. According to the vice-president of the SPC, China needs to prevent the â€Å"negative influence of Western rule of law theory† (Cao, 2006)[10] and this is based on two main arguments. Firstly, they think that the application of the rules should not be rigid. Under the rapid economic and social growth, the law often slows down the progress of development and reforms in China. So they believe that the Western rule of law theory does not work on developing countries like China, or else the development of the state would be really slow. Laws can also be seemed as an obstacle to progress. Secondly, they think that it is acceptable to breach the constitution if they are favorable for China’s interest or if they are good for the state’s productivity and stability. For instance, private enterprises operated before they were permitted by the constitutional amendment in 1988[11]. This suggests that the constitution could also be an obstacle to development or reform. Conclusion China’s one party control shows that despite of the legal reform that have been done over the years, the Western style rule of law has not been promoted. This is mainly due to the control of the court, the government and the law making bodies of the country. It is also unclear that whether the constitution is above the CCP or not. The control of the organization above makes CCP above the law and possibly the constitution, which makes the idea of rule of law not applicable on China. However, some people advocate that the legal reform of China has promoted the â€Å"Socialist Rule of law†, which states that â€Å"in order to achieve a ‘harmonious society’, the legal system must follow the leadership of the party†. It is arguable that whether the Socialist Rule of Law fits China more than the Western style Rule of Law due to its rapidly developing economy and infrastructure. Word Count (Without headings): 1795 Bibliography Behr, Volker. Development of a New Legal System in the People’s Republic of China. Volume 67. Number 4. Summer 2007 Cavendish, Richard. Pu Yi, Last emperor of China, is pardoned, History today. Volume 59, number 12. Retrieved April 21, 2014, from http://www.historytoday.com/richard-cavendish/pu-yi-last-emperor-china-pardoned > Thrower, James. Marxist-Leninist ‘Scientific Atheism’. Walter de Gruyter Co. . 1983 Horsley, Jamie. â€Å"The Rule of Law: Pushing the Limits of Party Rule.† In China Today, China Tomorrow: Domestic Politics, Economy, and Society, ed. Joseph Fewsmith, pp. 51-70.Lanham, Md.: Rowman Littlefield, 2010,ch. 3. Liebman, L. Benjamin. China’s courts: Restricted reform. Paper number 08-180. Columbia Law School. HK government, (2014) The rule of Law, Retrieved April 21, 2014, from http://www.info.gov.hk/info/sar5/elaw_1.htm > Chen, H.Y. Albert. Toward a legal enlightenment: Discussion in contemporary China on the Rule of Law. P.13- 54 [1] Behr, Volker. Development of a New Legal System in the People’s Republic of China. Volume 67. Number 4. Summer 2007 [2] Cavendish, Richard. Pu Yi, Last emperor of China, is pardoned, History today. Volume 59, number 12. Retrieved April 21, 2014, from http://www.historytoday.com/richard-cavendish/pu-yi-last-emperor-china-pardoned > [3] Behr, Volker. Development of a New Legal System in the People’s Republic of China. Volume 67. Number 4. Summer 2007 [4] Thrower, James. Marxist-Leninist ‘Scientific Atheism’. Walter de Gruyter Co. . 1983 [5] Horsley, Jamie. â€Å"The Rule of Law: Pushing the Limits of Party Rule.† In China Today, China Tomorrow: Domestic Politics, Economy, and Society, ed. Joseph Fewsmith, pp. 51-70.Lanham, Md.: Rowman Littlefield, 2010,ch. 3. [6] Liebman, L. Benjamin. China’s courts: Restricted reform. Paper number 08-180. Columbia Law School. [7] Horsley, Jamie. â€Å"The Rule of Law: Pushing the Limits of Party Rule.† In China Today, China Tomorrow: Domestic Politics, Economy, and Society, ed. Joseph Fewsmith, pp. 51-70.Lanham, Md.: Rowman Littlefield, 2010,ch. 3. [8] Liebman, L. Benjamin. China’s courts: Restricted reform. Paper number 08-180. Columbia Law School. [9] HK government, (2014) The rule of Law, Retrieved April 21, 2014, from http://www.info.gov.hk/info/sar5/elaw_1.htm > [10] Liebman, L. Benjamin. China’s courts: Restricted reform. Paper number 08-180. Columbia Law School. [11] Chen, H.Y. Albert. Toward a legal enlightenment: Discussion in contemporary China on the Rule of Law. P.13- 54

Mortar Exam 0341 Essay -- essays research papers

0341 NCO Exam 1  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  What are the Marine Corps' leadership traits?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Judgment, Justice, Decisiveness, Integrity, Discipline, Tact, Initiative, Enthusiasm, Bearing, Unselfishness, Courage, Knowledge, Loyalty, Endurance 2  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  What is the purpose of an NCO?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  To train and supervise subordinate Marines 3  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  What is the maximum effective range of the M249 SAW?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1,000 m 4  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  What is the sustained rate of fire of the M249?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  85 rounds per minute 5  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  What determines a hot barrel for the M249?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  200 rounds in 2 minutes 6  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  What is the maximum effective range of the M203 grenade launcher?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Area Target: 350 m; Point Target: 150 m 7  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  What are the characteristics of the M252 81mm mortar?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  smooth-bore, muzzle-loaded, high-angle-of-fire weapon, consisting of a cannon, mount, baseplate, and sight unit. 8  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  What is the nomenclature of the M252 81mm mortar components?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  M253 mortar cannon, M177 mortar mount, M3A1 baseplate, M64A1 sight unit 9  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  What are the weights of each of these components?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  cannon--35 lbs, bipod--27 lbs, baseplate--29 lbs, sight--2.5 lbs 10  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  How many mils of elevation does the sight have?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  about 800 mils or 0800-1600 mils 11  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  How many mils of traverse does the sight have?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  6400 mils 12  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One turn on the traverse handwheel equals how many mils?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  10 mils 13  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  What does boresighting do to the weapon system?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  removes the error between the barrel and sight to produce more accurate fire 14  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  What does reciprocally laying the mortars in a section do?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  it puts every mortar on the same azimuth of fire 15  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  What are the two methods to reciprocally lay a mortar?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   ... ...ound do you use for screening, incendiary action, & signaling?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Smoke 58  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  White phosphorous is stored with the fuze end in what direction?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Up 59  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  What is the purpose of camouflage?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  To provide you with cover and concealment 60  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  What is Angle T?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When there is more than 500 mils difference between the gun target line and the observer target line.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Practical Application  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Adjust indirect fire  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Lay a mortar with a lensatic compass  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Translate a fire command  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Compute firing data with a plotting board  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Pass a gunner’s exam  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  

The Black Death :: essays research papers

The Black Death The Black Death serves as a convenient divider between the central and the late Middle Ages. The changes between the two periods are numerous, they include the introduction of gunpowder, increased importance of cities, economic and demographic crises, political dislocation and realignment, and powerful new currents in culture and religion. Overall, the later Middle Ages are usually characterized as a period of crisis and trouble. The portrait should not be painted unrelievedly bleak, but the tone is accurate enough and echoes voices from the era itself. The Black Death did not cause the crisis, for evidence of the changes can be seen well before 1347. But the plague exacerbated problems and added new ones, and the tone of crisis is graver in the second half than in the first half of the century. Standing at the century's mid-point, the plague serves as a convenient demarcation. The Black Death erupted in the Gobi Desert in the late 1320s. No one really knows why. The plague bacillus was alive and active long before that, indeed Europe itself had suffered an epidemic in the 6th century. But the disease had lain relatively dormant in the succeeding centuries. We know that the climate of Earth began to cool in the 14th century, and perhaps this so-called little Ice Age had something to do with it. Whatever the reason, we know that the outbreak began there and spread outward. While it did go west, it spread in every direction, and the Asian nations suffered as cruelly as anywhere. In China, for example, the population dropped from around 125 million to 90 million over the course of the 14thc. The plague moved along the caravan routes toward the West. By 1345 the plague was on the lower Volga River. By 1346 it was in the Caucasus and the Crimea. By 1347 it was in Constantinople. It hit Alexandria in the autumn of that year, and by spring 1348, a thousand people a day were dying there. In Cairo the count was seven times that. The disease travelled by ship as readily as by land?more readily?and it was no sooner in the eastern Mediterranean than it was in the western end as well. Already in 1347, the plague had hit Sicily. What was this disease? Bubonic plague is the medical term. It is a bacillus, an organism, most usually carried by rodents. Fleas infest the animal (rats, but other rodents as well), and these fleas move freely over to human hosts.

Fighting Rising College Tuition Costs Essay -- Education Policy

Declining state support, educational race for top rankings, uneven financial aid, or economy downfall: there are reasons all across the board as to why the cost of college tuition is getting out of hand. Envision a senior girl whose heart had been set on her dream college for years. An elite, honorable college where everyone seems to want to go. She has been telling her parents from an early age she was going to one day be a member. While on a visit to the college in late fall of her senior year, she fell in love with the beautiful campus which seemed to spread for miles. The advisers and professors she met with were polite and unquestionably convincing. Her favorite part of the visit was seeing how happy all of the current students seemed to look with their college decision. Overall, she believed she had found her home for the next four years. She went home excited to tell her parents the good news. This is where the excitement soon ended. 35,000 dollars a year was the out rageous sticker price for her dream college. Her parents said there was no way possible they could ever afford to send her. Tears started flooding down her face; her dreams were crushed. Now what was she going to do? Where was she going to go? Although this story has been made up, similar situations like these are arising more and more often. College tuition has reached an all time high; with the economy in its current standings, there needs to be solutions so every young adult has an equal opportunity to go to college. No one disputes the importance of a college education in today’s job market. Society has taken on a much higher demand for the well educated. With this being a growing trend, why does it seem colleges are trying to make gettin... ...ons need to be fulfilled if results are to be seen in the pocketbooks of every young adult looking for an equal opportunity to go to college. Works Cited â€Å"Barack Obama and Joe Biden: Making College Affordable For Everyone.† Web. 6 Dec. 2010. Berman, Talia. â€Å"Student Debt Crisis: Are There Any Solutions?† WireTap. 23 Aug. 2006. Web. 6 Dec. 2010. Block, Sandra. â€Å"Rising costs make climb to higher education steeper.† USA TODAY. 12 Jan. 2007. Web. 6 Dec. 2010. Dickeson, Robert. â€Å"COLLISION COURSE: Rising college costs threaten America’s future and require shared solutions.† Lumina Foundation for Education. 2004. Web. 6 Dec. 2010. Ehrenberg, Ronald. â€Å"Tuition Rising: Why College Costs so Much.† Cornell University. Web. 6 Dec. 2010. â€Å"Rising College Costs.† Web. 6 Dec. 2010. â€Å"What is a 529?† Web. 6 Dec. 2010. â€Å"What It Costs to Go to College.† Web. 6 Dec. 2010.

Earl of Warwick in revolt against Edward IV by 1469 Essay

Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick has been labelled by historic tradition, with some justification, as the ‘kingmaker’. It is with his support that Edward IV was able claim the throne from Henry VI, Warwick’s support during the Wars of the Roses, and especially at the Battle of Towton was vital in putting the first Yorkist king on the throne. It is clear that he was instrumental in Edwards rise to the throne, however his contribution has sometimes been overemphasised. Pickering suggests that their alliance in taking the throne was equal, the victories Edwards own and even that Edward seemed more adept in battle than his ally. He says â€Å"Edward was neither ‘made’ by Warwick, nor controlled by him.† Nevertheless, his relationship with Richard, both as an ally and a friend, must have been very good. What lead him then, less than a decade later, to revolt against Richard in support of the exiled Henry VI? The first thing to understand about Warwick was his character and to see that it was pure ambition that drove him. With the romanticism that the epithet â€Å"Kingmaker† implies, one could picture him as the noble-knight. However he seems to have far from the vignette that is perceived from the word â€Å"Kingmaker†. Keen says of him â€Å"Warwick was not a wholly attractive character. His temper was short, and when thwarted he was sullenly unforgiving.† The Old English Chronicle (edited by T.Hearne) describes the unquenched ambition that drove him â€Å"his insatiable mind could not be content†¦there was none in England who was before him or who owned half the possessions that he did†¦yet he desired more†. It is with the possessions and the patronage that Richard Neville’s grievances with the king started to appear. Edward IV, as previously explained, came to the throne very much as Warwick’s protà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½gà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½. He must have thought that with Edward on the throne he would have a controlling influence over the king, and with this influence the obvious power he so desired. Warwick was rewarded handsomely for his continued support, given titles and territories such as Captain of Calais, admiral of England and constable of Dover Castle, all of which were very important (and powerful) posts. He was by far the mightiest of Richards subjects, however he lacked the monopoly of Royal power that he yearned for, as royal patronage was (rightfully) extended to other leading Yorkists. Most prominently was Warwick’s stewardship of the duchy of Lancaster, given to Lord Hastings, and the lieutenancy of Southern Wales which was given to the recently knighted, Sir William Herbert. Despite this set back for Warwick, he still was in full support of Edward, and to some extent had control of Edwards thinking. Edward was still a relatively young king, and Warwick was there for advice, and with help in making decisions. Warwick’s support was also necessary for Edward, as his kingship was still under-threat in the north and west by Margaret of Anjou’s continued attempts to re-instate her husband to the throne. This drove Edward and Warwick together further more during the early years of Edwards reign, and indeed in 1462 Warwick seemed to have won a decisive battle for Edward. He forced the lords in Bramburgh (including Somerset and Sir Ralph Percy) to surrender to Edwards allegiance, on the condition that their lands were re-instated. Although this was not the final problems Edward faced from the Lancastrian supporters during his reign, it showed that in 1462, Warwick was firmly behind Edward as King of Britain. A factor which historians have usually put forward as a major cause of Warwick’s treachery is Edwards’s marriage to Elizabeth Woodville. In 1464, Warwick was, to further the kings alliance to France, arranging a marriage between the King and a French Princess. In the final stages of these arrangements, on 14th September 1464, Edward revealed to Warwick and the rest of his assembled nobles at the council in Reading, that he was already married to Elizabeth. The assembled magnets were stunned and horrified at the news, and it especially hurtful to Warwick who’s embarrassment over the whole French alliance marriage affair must have been huge. The chronicle of the time (Edited by J.Warkworth), says that after the announcement â€Å"(The Earl of Warwick was) greatly displeased with the king†¦And yet they were reconciled several times; but they never loved each other afterwards† One must however beware of putting, as traditionally been done, too much emphasise on this marriage as a turning point in the relationships between Edward IV and Richard Neville. It is certainly a major factor in the breakdown of their relationship, however one must take into account that it occurred five years before Warwick’s revolt, and Warwick, at least publicly, still supported the king during these years. Having said this, Richards marriage, though romantic and loving, was a serious, irresponsible mistake for a king to make. Elizabeth was, by Richards’s standards, a commoner. Edward was the first king since the Norman Conquest to marry a commoner; however this was not really the problem it was that he missed out on strengthening his position as king by arranging a more political marriage. Furthermore by marrying a Woodville, he alienated his other major noble families, especially the Neville’s. The Woodvilles, much to Warwick’s and others annoyance, managed with this marriage to promote their family to the upper echelons of the English aristocracy. It also enabled them to marry off some of their ‘lesser relations’ to be married to either nobility or families of a very high standing which further enhanced their political position. The marriage did have significant repercussions for the relationship of Edward and Richard, however Keen points out, that rather than the damage the marriage itself caused, it was the undermining of Warwick’s plans that led to their relationship, â€Å"If the marriage of the king put a period to his friendly association with Warwick-and it did-this was not, it would seem, because of its domestic repercussions, but because it was a direct challenge to Warwick’s continual diplomacy.† It was not, as the quotation states, because of the repercussions of the marriage domestically that Warwick felt aggrieved, rather it was because it aired publicly and formally for the first time Edwards’s difference in opinion with Warwick about the foreign policy that they should employ. It was clear from Warwick’s failed attempt to marry Richard off to a French Princess that Warwick was in favour of Edward forming an alliance with England’s traditional enemies, the French. Indeed, he had been in regular contact with Louis XI of France, in an attempt to broker an alliance between France and England. Richard, conversely, wanted put his support in his present enemy, the Burgundians. This was a contentious issue for the King to deal with, his leading advisor, whose protà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½gà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½, he was, had completely antithetical views upon the very important issue of foreign relations, and it was hear that Edward proved that he was no longer dependent, or felt indebt of Warwick. He favoured the Burgundian option, and ignoring Richards’s pressure, he applied for and was granted a double subsidiary from the parliament to help support the Burgundians and ‘revive English continental ambitions’. Edward was maturing into his own king and he began to take more and more control over the running of the kingdom. Conversely of course, Richard Nevilles influence over the king was rapidly diminishing, and with this influence the power he so lusted after. It was this Maturity, and the lack of power that Warwick was afforded that ultimately, I believe led to Warwicks treachery. He had, when Edward was young, influenced and controlled the King. He had had his power that his personality demanded, however as Edward matured he started to take things into his own hands, which Richard, having tasted power, could not take. To make matters worse for Richard, power was being taken away from him and given to other nobility. His siblings were being passed over for marriage that was being afforded to others, and although his brother, George Neville, was enthroned as archbishop of York in September 1465, he felt his and his families power-base was faltering. It was here that Warwick decided to act, for the first time, against the king, in an attempt to enhance his standing. Firstly Warwick continued to negotiate with Louis XI. Keen describes Warwick’s actions, â€Å"For four years he instead continued to pursue with Louis’s encouragement what was in effect a private diplomacy of his own, independent and opposed to that of the king† He was effectively siding against his own king, believing the French to be more powerful than the Burgundians and also enhancing his own power-base if he ever wanted to challenge the king (which he goes onto do). At much the same time, however, Warwick was engineering the marriage, against the Kings wishes, of his daughter, Isabel, to the king’s younger brother and presumptive heir, George, Duke of Clarence. He would, if this marriage went ahead, become immediately more powerful, and a pose a threat to the Woodville’s dominance. Clarence, like Warwick, was extremely ambitious and would do almost anything to further his own cause. By the spring of 1469 Warwick and Clarence were in league with one another and also with Louis XI to undermine the Woodville’s, and possibly to over throw the king. Pickering says â€Å"Clarence encouraged Warwick to turn against the King and helped spread the rumour that his brother was not Duke Richard’s son but the bastard of an archer called Blaybourne† This rumour was almost certainly unfounded, yet both risked turning against their own king They did this for their own gain, one with the view of taking his brothers place as king, the other with the view to once again controlling the king himself. Thus in July 1469, Clarence defied his brother’s wishes and married Isabel and on the 12th July, Warwick, with the support of his brother Archbishop Neville and George, Duke of Clarence, published the ‘Calais Manifesto’.